Much of the success of Bletchley Park during the Second World War is owed to the combination of great talent and an atmosphere in which it could flourish: a combination of the Common Room of a college, the managed anarchy of the tiny pre-war GC&CS, and the respect for – or at least the toleration of – people who didn’t conform to the societal norms and expectations of mid-twentieth century Britain.
But that isn’t the whole story. Nigel de Grey, in his Organisation and Evolution of British Sigint (TNA HW 75-78) refers at times to the unwillingness of some of the people who benefited from BP’s toleration of individualism to take their share of necessary chores, the necessity of which was not obvious to them. Here are two examples.
‘The Tube Central
The Pneumatic Tube System was installed in order to overcome the delay in distribution attendant upon the use of messengers, the only labour available for which were girls from local primary schools on leaving, whose hours of work were strictly controlled by Civil Service regulations and whose enthusiasm and discipline was not noticeably high, and to take the place of the belt conveyors which had been in operation to adjacent sections. The principle adopted was to have four main trunk double lines to the four requisite office blocks terminating at a point where a single line internal system conveyed the traffic to the several requisite points within the office block. The "cross country" tubes were laid underground and the distances were in some cases the maximum possible, hence the necessity for relaying within the blocks. The system suffered from two main troubles, firstly that the bore of the tubes and hence of the containers was not large enough to cope with the documents to be distributed or indeed to carry the overall volume; secondly that owing to indifferent manning of the local stations by the user sections the maximum was never got from the system. Communications Section was forced eventually to man both ends of the trunk lines but the interior terminals were as a rule manned by casual, not to say extremely casual, labour and Communications Section received very little cooperation from the Sections, some of which seemed to find any routine beyond their capabilities or infra dig.
Time stamping Machines
Analogous to this laxity was the difficulty experienced by Communications Section over the Stromberg time-stamping machinery. The regular and rapid flow of papers (decrypts, signals and so forth) was an essential to the main function of GC&CS, namely decrypting and reporting to the combat commands. To achieve this it was essential to time the arrival and departure of documents at each stage of the handling so that any bottle neck should at once be revealed and steps taken to relax it. In order to make this easy electric time-stamps were introduced in May 1943 (when, it will be remembered, GC&CS was "working-up" for the Second Front) and installed at strategic points in the Cypher Office, the Main Teleprinter Room, the Auto Room, the Tube Central, Huts 3, 6 and 8, Naval Section and Air Section. To avoid all discrepancies the clocks in these machines had to be synchronised daily, a routine for which was laid down on the principle of dialling TIM in London. The minutes of the Communications Committee show the struggle that Communications Section had to get the Sections to conform to this very simple routine. All sections were careless but Hut 6, a key point, consistently ignored not only the synchronisation of their clocks for weeks at a time but the use of the stamp at all. Thus when in the autumn of 1943 Communications Section were straining every nerve to increase the rapidity of their service to Hut 6 and asked for the cooperation of Hut 6 in testing the results of their experiments in handling, the tests broke down three times because Hut 6 would not use the time stamps properly. Hut 8, another key point, two months after the institution of the time stamps was found to have locked its Stromberg up in a cupboard and left it there. Another section's clock had stopped and never been used again. Thus the two worst offenders were the two sections which employed the highest grades of labour, both being manned principally by university trained personnel who had no doubt been taught to think for themselves. The instances quoted, perhaps trivial in a sense, were none the less symptomatic of the difficulty of getting any businesslike routine carried out, any suggestion of mechanisation in an organisation manned by untrained labour and with whom no disciplinary action could be taken except that of dismissal should they prove insensible to an ordinary reprimand.’
The voices of the educated – ‘university trained personnel who had no doubt been taught to think for themselves’ – tend to predominate in the story of Second World War British Sigint, and it’s too late to gather the memories of those trying to improve the information flow using Time and Motion methods such as the use of Stromberg time stamping machines; and, anyway, the value of the results of the graduates’ work in cryptanalysis and machine-based solutions on any day probably outweighed any benefit potentially lost. But nevertheless qualified people with skills which might have improved the way that BP worked were being ignored.
And this wasn’t the worst thing that was happening. As de Grey hints in telling the story of 14 year old ‘girl’ messengers, and as is clear from any telling of the stories of (for example) cipher operators, not all jobs at BP were stimulating or interesting; not all needed great minds; and many were as dreary as might have been found in any factory job to which labour had been directed, but with the additional pressure that those working (mainly women) on these tasks could say next to nothing outside work about the dreary, mundane nature of their working lives.
A necessary consequence of the industrialisation of UK Sigint during the Second World War was the creation of production line jobs which, like those in contemporary factories, were not stimulating. Add to that a need-to-know system, in which the people doing the most menial jobs knew the least about the way in which their work contributed to the organisation as a whole, and it is not hard to see that without wartime regulations on directed labour, Bletchley Park might have found it difficult to achieve the success it did.
